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Liars, Lovers, and Heroes: What the New Brain Science Reveals About How We Become Who We Are, by Steven R. Quartz, Terrence J. Sejnowski
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This book combines cutting-edge findings in neuroscience with examples from history and the headlines to introduce the new science of cultural biology, born of advances in brain imaging, computer modeling, and genetics. Doctors Quartz and Sejnowski show how both our noblest and darkest traits are rooted in brain systems so ancient that we share them with insects. They then demystify the dynamic engagement between brain and world that makes us something far beyond the sum of our parts.
The authors show how our humanity unfolds in precise stages as brain and world engage on increasingly complex levels. Their discussion embraces shaping forces as ancient as climate change over millennia and events as recent as the terrorism and heroism of September 11, and offers intriguing answers to some of our most enduring questions, including why we live together, love, kill -- and sometimes lay down our lives for others.
- Sales Rank: #1783286 in Books
- Published on: 2003-09-23
- Released on: 2003-09-23
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.00" h x .79" w x 5.31" l, .56 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 352 pages
From Publishers Weekly
Why do humans fall in love, create art, make war? Quartz, director of the Social Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory at Cal Tech, and Sejnowski, director of the Computational Neurobiology Laboratory at the Salk Institute, argue that these and other capabilities are the result of biology and culture working together. Challenging the view that human brains are hardwired for certain behaviors, they believe instead that "[y]our experience with the world literally helps build your brain." In this wide-ranging and relatively nontechnical overview, the authors show how the human brain evolved to maximize flexibility, enabling us to thrive in a wide variety of circumstances. They discuss intelligence and learning, emotions, motivation, violence, and the importance of social bonds, linking cutting-edge neuroscience with social history and popular culture. Starting each chapter with an intriguing case history and spinning off into fascinating, if sometimes sketchily developed, presentations of related material, the book reads a bit like a made-for-TV serial documentary that concedes to short attention spans by highlighting the dramatic. As a result, some topics among them the discussion of violence receive useful but less than thorough treatment. Quartz and Sejnowski conclude with a thought-provoking chapter on the challenges of postmodern culture and globalization, suggesting that the findings of cultural biology can point the way toward creating societies that better meet our basic needs for positive social engagement. Their views, engagingly presented if sometimes controversial, will open up a hitherto specialized subject for a wider audience.
Copyright 2002 Reed Business Information, Inc.
From Booklist
Neuroscience seems prone to coming up with polarizing theories of personality: you are either your genes or your environment. Countering the standard dichotomy, this fresh approach to conceptualizing brain development from a pair of California-based researchers touts "cultural biology." The authors define the meaning of that term while addressing topics such as emotion, sex, and happiness--but Quartz and Sejnowski improve on those themes by informing readers how brain anatomy and neurochemistry work in focusing one's desire. Although the authors discuss serotonin, dopamine, and a reptilian vestige called the ventral basal ganglia, their text is not a clinical parade of jargon, and they are adept at using anecdotes to illustrate their points (such as why motivator Tony Robbins is optimistic and filmmaker Woody Allen is pessimistic). In accessible, conversational language, the authors offer an intriguing investigation of personality Gilbert Taylor
Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved
Review
“A superb book … a breath of fresh air.” (V. S. Ramachandran, M.D. , Ph.D., Professor and Director , Center for Brain and Cognition, University of California, San Diego; adjunct Professor, Salk Institute, author of Phantoms in the Brain)
“An evocative solution to a classic problem: which is more important in shaping the human brain, nature or nurture? ” (Sandra Blakeslee, The New York Times)
“wide-ranging...linking cutting-edge neuroscience with social history and popular culture...postmodern culture and globalization....” (Publishers Weekly)
“Smart authors with a lot of hot stuff to report on.” (Kirkus Reviews)
“An entertaining and startling survey of what it means to be human.” (Discover magazine)
Most helpful customer reviews
20 of 20 people found the following review helpful.
A fascinating and readable discussion of neuroscience
By Dr. Lee D. Carlson
Explaining the field of cultural biology and the evidence from neuroscience that supports it, the authors have written a book that is accessible to all readers, regardless of their background. Every page gives a fascinating look at the causes/motivations behind human behavior and the authors argue convincingly for their thesis that this behavior has both environmental and genetic origins. They also include ample references for the reader who wants to pursue the subject in more detail.
The authors do not hesitate to embed their discussion of cultural biology in the historical backdrop in which it arose. As the authors report, some of the early research in the subject was met with harsh criticism, as for example the reaction against the book on sociobiology by E.O. Wilson. The vituperation leveled against Wilson by prominent intellectuals has no place in scientific debate and should not be engaged in under any circumstances.
The ability to image the brain and to model it with sophisticated computational tools has led to more knowledge about it in the last ten years than all of previous history, the authors argue. Brain imaging techniques such as MRI, PET, and optical topography have given experimental support for theories of the brain, giving much more valuable information that is needed to understand various diseases and abnormalities of the brain. Philosophical speculation and rhetoric have been eliminated in favor of careful scientific analysis and measurements, fortunately.
The book is packed full of interesting examples and surprises, and space does not permit a detailed review of these, but a few of them include: 1. The fact that the brain can detect and respond correctly to regular patterns in the environment without a person's conscious awareness of them. Experiments illustrating this are discussed in the book. 2. Neural network models of the basal ganglia indicate that it learns in essentially the same way as the brain of a bee. 3. The fact that the brain functions at different time scales, depending on the problem that it is presented with, from milliseconds all the way to minutes. This wide gap in processing time no doubt reflects evolutionary pressures that optimized the brain to prioritize some problems relative to others. 4. The suggestion that the anterior cingulate in humans may be the site of free will. 5. The suggestion that the "area 10" region in the front of the prefrontal cortex is the origin of our sense of self and our self-awareness. 6. The fact that half of the cortex is devoted to visualization. 7. The experimental evidence that indicates that environmental stimulation induces the maturing of brain cells in the hippocampus. 8. The fact that the brain is 90% of its final size at age five, and keeps growing until adolescence. 9. The rise of the "neural constructivist" view that the brain uses information from the world to build itself. Called "self-organization" by those who work in the field of dynamical systems, the constructivist point of view holds that the interaction with the world is a special type of learning that changes the brain and assists in building it. The authors refer to the brain/environment interaction as "constructive learning", and believe that the slow time scales needed for cortical development optimizes the influence of the world on the human brain, and thus make being human possible. The more time the brain has to develop, the likelihood of helpful inputs from the world to guide the construction of highly complex neural circuits increases. The result of this is a mind that can deal efficiently and accurately with the complexities of human existence. 10. The evidence that the development of the brain is non-uniform, but rather occurs hierarchically. The portions of the brain dealing with sensory information develop earlier than those that are responsible for the encoding of more abstract information. 11. The reason for suicidal behavior lies in the prefrontal cortex, which is also involved in mental disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. 12. The origin of drug addiction being in the ventral tegmental area of the basal ganglia. 13. The effects of serotonin and its manufacture in the brain by a group of neurons called the dorsal Raphe nucleus. Interestingly, despite being a small cluster of neurons, it is able to influence billions of neurons in the cerebral cortex. 14. The TD-Gammon learning machine and its ability to teach itself backgammon. The authors believe that the TD-Gammon machine exhibits real machine intelligence, and it is the opinion of this reviewer that they are quite correct in asserting this. 15. The origin of human personality as being from the anterior cingulate cortex, which uses previous experiences in order to construct the appropriate cognitive and emotional responses to novel situations. Attention to difficult problems is correlated with high activity in the anterior cingulate. 16. The fact that the male and female brains are the result of hormones, such as testosterone. The male brain becomes "masculinized" under the influence of testosterone, but only indirectly: the brain converts testosterone into estrogen, interestingly. The authors are careful to point out that testosterone and estrogen do not act at all places in the brain, and that sexual identity has its origin mostly in the hypothalamus. 17. The suggestion that it is the concurrent release of opiates and the oxytocin that produce the sensation of orgasm. 18. The origin of romantic love as being in the various chemical processes of the brain, and the experiments involving transgenic mice that supported this viewpoint. 19. The evidence from neuroscience that supports the "Aristotelian" conception of human nature, i.e. that family ties, friendship, and trust are more characteristic of humans than antisocial or individualistic behavior. Humans need to identify with something larger than their private existence, the authors argue. 20. The neuroscientific explanations for involvement in cults and for conformity to groups. 21. The authors' view of "constructive intelligence", and how it is at odds with the modern "IQ" version of intelligence.
6 of 11 people found the following review helpful.
Wrong title
By Jonathan C. Melusky
I like this book a lot, but it isn't really what I was looking for exactly. I was looking for a 255 level college course book and got a 104 level college course book. The book seems to never really talk about liars, lovers or heroes, but it does catch me up on lots of unknown and interesting brain studies and psychological studies that seem to show a small window into the brain as an oddly wired organ.
The author should delete the first introductory chapter as fluff and shallowness, but then they probably didn't have a say in the name of the book. The publish must have picked it to try and sell it with the bright yellow cover ? Anyway, the nuggets of info are pretty good and some of the witty sentences are great. Some not so great, but not too bad for two PHDs trying to write.
*smile
Hopefully their next brain book will be more edible and chewy and harder to read. I like my brain to work hard ok ! *grin
2 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
One of the best books on the subject
By Ventura Angelo
This book is a very well written, reasonably exaustive eposition on the state of the art on brain sciences, combining history, evolution science and neuroscience. It delves in the most crucial problems of today, advancing the Authors' opinion whitout any presumption of having the real solution (like some writers on the subject). They unravel the complexities of human brain development whit crystalline clarity. A book very learned, that make you learn and think.
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